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Exam 3: Relativism, Rationalism, Empiricism, and Paradigm Shifts

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Question 1

Multiple Choice

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Hacking (1999) notes that one of the main sticking points in the war between science and constructionism is:

A) inevitability
B) contingency
C) acceptability
D) none of the above

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Question 2

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___________idealize mathematics as the only true paradigm of truth because mathematical thinking is analytic.

A) Empiricists
B) Rationalists
C) Scientists
D) Complementists

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Question 3

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According to the text, ____________ rather than _________ is arguably the correct antonym to absolutism.

Francis Bacon was the first to radically depart from the methods of ________ and to stoutly defend the alternative.

Kuhn (1970) wrote that ____________ is conducted within a paradigm, which is a set of fundamental theories, assumptions, concepts, values, and practices shared by a scientific discipline that guide its view of reality.

Thomas Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970) supported radical positions about the instability, relativity, and subjectivity of science.

According to the text, when _________ is applied to science, it falls apart.

Which of Bacon's (1620) four idols represents the errors to faulty learning and selective perception-the ideological goggles that let us only see certain things?

The idea that there are no absolute standards for deciding among conflicting beliefs of right and wrong, and all cultural value systems are equally valid limits discussion of issues of morality and truth.

Which of Bacon's (1620) four idols are due to the ambiguities of language-words and concepts meaning different things in different contexts-and thus confuse our understanding of nature?

A meta-analysis of the MAOA-maltreatment literature concluded that the interaction between MAOA and maltreatment is not a significant predictor of antisocial behavior.

The primary tool for empiricism is:

Shared environments (everything siblings shared such as parents, social class, religion, neighborhood, etc.) account for almost _____ variance in almost all cognitive and personality traits in adulthood.

Rationalism and empiricism are rival epistemologies, both of which stand against radical ________to claim that we can obtain objective truths.

The credo of science itself is to question everything and believe nothing until proven beyond a/an ________doubt.